Johnson, R, H., P. E. Ciesielski, and W. H. Schubert, 2023: Hydrometeor storage and advection effects in DYNAMO budget analyses. J. Atmos. Sci., 80(1), 181-188. [ PDF , DOI ]

Schubert, W. H., R. K. Taft, and C. J. Slocum, 2023: A simple family of tropical cyclone models. Meteorology, 2(2), 149-170. [ DOI ]

Slocum, C. J., R. K. Taft, J. P. Kossin, and W. H. Schubert, 2023: Barotropic instability during eyewall replacement. Meteorology, 2(2), 191-221. [ DOI ]

Schubert, W. H., and R. K. Taft, 2022: Tropical cyclone rapid intensification and the excitation of inertia-gravity waves on the edges of an evolving potential vorticity structure. Front. Earth Sci., 10, 1038351, 18 pp. [ DOI ]

Schubert, W. H., R. K. Taft, and C. J. Slocum, 2022: Baroclinic effects on the distribution of tropical cyclone eye subsidence. Front. Earth Sci., 10, 1062465, 18 pp. [ DOI ]

Gonzalez, A. O., and W. H. Schubert, 2019: Violation of Ekman balance in the eastern Pacific ITCZ boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 2919-2940. [ DOI , PDF ]

Ciesielski, P. E., R. H. Johnson, W. H. Schubert, and J. H. Ruppert Jr., 2018: Diurnal cycle of the ITCZ in DYNAMO. J. Climate, 31, 4543-4562. [ DOI , PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., 2018: Bernhard Haurwitz Memorial Lecture (2017): Potential vorticity aspects of tropical dynamics. arXiv:1801.08238 [physics.ao-ph], 27 pp. [ Web , PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., P. E. Ciesielski, and R. H. Johnson, 2018: Heat and moisture budget analysis with an improved form of moist thermodynamics. arXiv:1810.11119 [physics.ao-ph], 14 pp. [ Web , PDF ]

Dostalek, J. F., W. H. Schubert, and M. DeMaria, 2017: Derivation and solution of the omega equation associated with a balance theory on the sphere. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 9, 3045-3068. [ DOI , PDF ]

Fulton, S. R., W. H. Schubert, Z. Chen, and P. E. Ciesielski, 2017: A dynamical explanation of the topographically bound easterly low-level jet surrounding Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 122, 2017JD027192, 12635-12652. [ DOI , PDF ]

Gonzalez, A. O., G. Mora Rojas, W. H. Schubert, and R. K. Taft, 2017: Transient aspects of the Hadley circulation forced by an idealized off-equatorial ITCZ. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 9, 668-690, doi:10.1002/2016MS000837. [ DOI , PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., S. R. Fulton, and P. E. Ciesielski, 2017: Elliptic transverse circulation equations for balanced models in a generalized vertical coordinate. arXiv:1705.05460 [physics.ao-ph], 11 pp. [ Web , PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., C. J. Slocum, and R. K. Taft, 2017: Basic concepts involved in tropical cyclone boundary layer shocks. arXiv:1709.00101 [physics.ao-ph], 29 pp. [ Web , PDF ]

Gonzalez, A. O., C. J. Slocum, R. K. Taft, and W. H. Schubert, 2016: Dynamics of the ITCZ boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 1577-1592. [ DOI , PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., C. J. Slocum, and R. K. Taft, 2016: Forced, balanced model of tropical cyclone intensification. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 94, 119-135. [ DOI , PDF ]

Gonzalez, A. O., and G. Mora Rojas, 2014: Balanced dynamics of deep and shallow Hadley circulations in the tropics. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 6, 777-804, doi:10.1002/2013MS000278. [ DOI , PDF ]

Hendricks, E. A., W. H. Schubert, Y.-H. Chen, H.-C. Kuo, and M. S. Peng, 2014: Hurricane eyewall evolution in a forced shallow-water model. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 1623-1643. [ DOI , PDF ]

Slocum, C. J., G. J. Williams, R. K. Taft, and W. H. Schubert, 2014: Tropical cyclone boundary layer shocks. arXiv:1405.7939 [physics.ao-ph], 19 pp. [ Web , PDF ]

Knaff, J. A., M. DeMaria, C. R. Sampson, J. E. Peak, J. Cummings, and W. H. Schubert, 2013: Upper oceanic energy response to tropical cyclone passage. J. Climate, 26, 2631-2650. [ DOI , PDF ]

Masarik, M. T., and W. H. Schubert, 2013: Analytical solutions of the potential vorticity invertibility principle. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 5, 366-381. [ DOI , PDF ]

Williams, G. J., R. K. Taft, B. D. McNoldy, and W. H. Schubert, 2013: Shock-like structures in the tropical cyclone boundary layer. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 5, 338-353. [ DOI , PDF ]

Hendricks, E. A., B. D. McNoldy, and W. H. Schubert, 2012: Observed inner-core structural variability in Hurricane Dolly (2008). Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 4066-4077. [ DOI , PDF ]

Musgrave, K. D., R. K. Taft, J. L. Vigh, B. D. McNoldy, and W. H. Schubert, 2012: Time evolution of the intensity and size of tropical cyclones. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 4, M08001, 15 pp. [ DOI , PDF ]

Silvers, L. G., and W. H. Schubert, 2012: A theory of topographically bound balanced motions and application to atmospheric low-level jets. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2878-2891. [ DOI , PDF ]

Vigh, J. L., J. A. Knaff, and W. H. Schubert, 2012: A climatology of hurricane eye formation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1405-1426. [ DOI , PDF ]

Hendricks, E. A., and W. H. Schubert, 2010: Adiabatic rearrangement of hollow PV towers. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 2, Art. 8, 19 pp., doi:10.3894/JAMES.2010.2.8. [ DOI , PDF ]

Hendricks, E. A., W. H. Schubert, S. R. Fulton, and B. D. McNoldy, 2010: Spontaneous-adjustment emission of inertia-gravity waves by unsteady vortical motion in the hurricane core. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 537-548. [ DOI ]

Schubert, W. H., and B. D. McNoldy, 2010: Application of the concepts of Rossby length and Rossby depth to tropical cyclone dynamics. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 2, Art. 7, 13 pp., doi:10.3894/JAMES.2010.2.7. [ DOI , PDF ]

Tsai, Y.-M., H.-C. Kuo, and W. H. Schubert, 2010: Filamentation time diagnosis of thinning troughs and cutoff lows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2327-2335. [ DOI , PDF ]

Hendricks, E. A., and W. H. Schubert, 2009: Transport and mixing in idealized barotropic hurricane-like vortices. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1456-1470. [ PDF ]

Hendricks, E. A., W. H. Schubert, R. K. Taft, H. Wang, and J. P. Kossin, 2009: Life cycles of hurricane-like vorticity rings. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 705-722. [ PDF ]

Rozoff, C. M., J. P. Kossin, W. H. Schubert, and P. J. Mulero, 2009: Internal control of hurricane intensity variability: The dual nature of potential vorticity mixing. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 133-147. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., L. G. Silvers, M. T. Masarik, and A. O. Gonzalez, 2009: A filtered model of tropical wave motions. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 1, Art. 3, 11 pp., doi:10.3894/JAMES.2009.1.3. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., R. K. Taft, and L. G. Silvers, 2009: Shallow water quasi-geostrophic theory on the sphere. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 1, Art. 2, 17 pp., doi:10.3894/JAMES.2009.1.2. [ PDF ]

Vigh, J. L., and W. H. Schubert, 2009: Rapid development of the tropical cyclone warm core. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3335-3350. [ PDF ]

Kuo, H.-C., W. H. Schubert, C.-L. Tsai, and Y.-F. Kuo, 2008: Vortex interactions and barotropic aspects of concentric eyewall formation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 5183-5198. [ PDF ]

Rozoff, C. M., W. H. Schubert, and J. P. Kossin, 2008: Some dynamical aspects of tropical cyclone concentric eyewalls. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 583-593. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., C. M. Rozoff, J. L. Vigh, B. D. McNoldy, and J. P. Kossin, 2007: On the distribution of subsidence in the hurricane eye. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 595-605. [ PDF ]

Hausman, S. A., K. V. Ooyama, and W. H. Schubert, 2006: Potential vorticity structure of simulated hurricanes. J. Atmos Sci., 63, 87-108. [ PDF ]

Rozoff, C. M., W. H. Schubert, B. D. McNoldy, and J. P. Kossin, 2006: Rapid filamentation zones in intense tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 325-340. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., and M. T. Masarik, 2006: Potential vorticity aspects of the MJO. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 42, 127-151. [ PDF ]

Kossin, J. P., and W. H. Schubert, 2004: Mesovortices in Hurricane Isabel. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 85, 151-153. [ PDF ]

McNoldy, B. D, 2004: Triple eyewall in Hurricane Juliette. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 85, 1663-1666. [ PDF ]

McNoldy, B. D., P. E. Ciesielski, W. H. Schubert, and R. H. Johnson, 2004: Surface winds, divergence, and vorticity in stratocumulus regions using QuikSCAT and reanalysis winds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08105, 5 pp., doi:10.1029/2004GL019768. [ PDF ]

Randall, D. A., and W. H. Schubert, 2004: Dreams of a stratocumulus sleeper. Chap. 4 in Atmospheric Turbulence and Mesoscale Meteorology, Cambridge Univ. Press. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., 2004: A generalization of Ertel's potential vorticity to a cloudy, precipitating atmosphere. Meteor. Zeit., 13, 465-471.

Schubert, W., E. Ruprecht, R. Hertenstein, R. Nieto Ferreira, R. Taft, C. Rozoff, P. Ciesielski, and H.-C. Kuo, 2004: English translations of twenty-one of Ertel's papers on geophysical fluid dynamics. Meteor. Zeit., 13, 527-576.

Kossin, J. P., and W. H. Schubert, 2003: Diffusion versus advective rearrangement of a circular vortex sheet. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 586-589. [ PDF ]

McNoldy, B. D., A. Cheng, Z. A. Eitzen, R. W. Moore, J. Persing, K. Schaefer, and W. H. Schubert, 2003: Design and construction of an affordable rotating table for classroom demonstrations of geophysical fluid dynamics principles. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 1827-1834. [ PDF ]

Prieto, R., B. D. McNoldy, S. R. Fulton, and W. H. Schubert, 2003: A classification of binary tropical cyclone-like vortex interactions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2656-2666. [ PDF ]

Vigh, J., S. R. Fulton, M. DeMaria, and W. H. Schubert, 2003: Evaluation of a multigrid barotropic tropical cyclone track model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1629-1636. [ PDF ]

Kossin, J. P., B. D. McNoldy, and W. H. Schubert, 2002: Vortical swirls in hurricane eye clouds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 3144-3149. [ PDF ]

Ciesielski, P. E., W. H. Schubert, and R. H. Johnson, 2001: Diurnal variability of the marine boundary layer during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2355-2376. [ PDF ]

Kossin, J. P., and W. H. Schubert, 2001: Mesovortices, polygonal flow patterns, and rapid pressure falls in hurricane-like vortices. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2196-2209. [ PDF ]

Prieto, R., J. P. Kossin, and W. H. Schubert, 2001: Symmetrization of lopsided vorticity monopoles and offset hurricane eyes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 2307-2327. [ PDF ]

Prieto, R., and W. H. Schubert, 2001: Analytical predictions for zonally symmetric equilibrium states of the stratospheric polar vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2709-2728. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., S. A. Hausman, M. Garcia, K. V. Ooyama, and H.-C. Kuo, 2001: Potential vorticity in a moist atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3148-3157. [ PDF ]

Browning, G. L., H.-O. Kreiss, and W. H. Schubert, 2000: The role of gravity waves in slowly varying in time tropospheric motions near the equator. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 4008-4019. [ PDF ]

Kossin, J. P., W. H. Schubert, and M. T. Montgomery, 2000: Unstable interactions between a hurricane's primary eyewall and a secondary ring of enhanced vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3893-3917. [ PDF ]

Ciesielski, P. E., W. H. Schubert, and R. H. Johnson, 1999: Large-scale heat and moisture budgets over the ASTEX region. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3241-3261. [ PDF ]

Johnson, R. H., T. M. Rickenbach, S. A. Rutledge, P. E. Ciesielski, and W. H. Schubert, 1999: Trimodal characteristics of tropical convection. J. Climate, 12, 2397-2418. [ PDF ]

Nieto Ferreira, R., and W. H. Schubert, 1999: The role of tropical cyclones in the formation of tropical upper-tropospheric troughs. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2891-2907. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., M. T. Montgomery, R. K. Taft, T. A. Guinn, S. R. Fulton, J. P. Kossin, and J. P. Edwards, 1999: Polygonal eyewalls, asymmetric eye contraction, and potential vorticity mixing in hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1197-1223. [ PDF ]

Lu, C., P. E. Ciesielski, and W. H. Schubert, 1997: Geostrophic and ageostrophic circulations in midlatitude squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1218-1230. [ PDF ]

Nieto Ferreira, R., and W. H. Schubert, 1997: Barotropic aspects of ITCZ breakdown. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 261-285. [ PDF ]

Nieto Ferreira, R., W. H. Schubert, and J. J. Hack, 1996: Dynamical aspects of twin tropical cyclones associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 929-945. [ PDF ]

Albrecht, B. A., C. S. Bretherton, D. Johnson, W. H. Schubert, and A. S. Frisch, 1995: The Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment - ASTEX. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 76, 889-904. [ PDF ]

Frisch, A. S., D. H. Lenschow, C. W. Fairall, W. H. Schubert, and J. S. Gibson, 1995: Doppler radar measurements of turbulence in marine stratiform cloud during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Soc., 52, 2800-2808. [ PDF ]

Fulton, S. R., W. H. Schubert and S. A. Hausman, 1995: Dynamical adjustment of mesoscale convective anvils. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3215-3226. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., P. E. Ciesielski, C. Lu and R. H. Johnson, 1995: Dynamical adjustment of the trade wind inversion layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2941-2952. [ PDF ]

Flatau, M., W. H. Schubert, and D. E. Stevens, 1994: The role of baroclinic processes in tropical cyclone motion: The influence of vertical tilt. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2589-2601. [ DOI, PDF ]

Guinn, T. A., and W. H. Schubert, 1994: Reply to Comments on "Hurricane spiral bands." J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3545-3546. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., and G. Magnusdottir, 1994: Vorticity coordinates, transformed primitive equations, and a canonical form for balanced models. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3309-3319. [ PDF ]

Guinn, T. A., and W. H. Schubert, 1993: Hurricane spiral bands. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3380-3403. [ PDF ]

Fulton, S. R., and W. H. Schubert, 1991: Surface frontogenesis in isentropic coordinates. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2534-2541. [ PDF ]

Hertenstein, R. F. A., and W. H. Schubert, 1991: Potential vorticity anomalies associated with squall lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1663-1672. [ PDF ]

Magnusdottir, G., and W. H. Schubert, 1991: Semigeostrophic theory on the hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1449-1456. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., P. E. Ciesielski, D. E. Stevens, and H.-C. Kuo, 1991: Potential vorticity modeling of the ITCZ and the Hadley circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1493-1509. [ PDF ]

Albrecht, B. A., C. W. Fairall, D. W. Thomson, A. B. White, J. B. Snider, and W. H. Schubert, 1990: Surface-based remote sensing of the observed and the adiabatic liquid water content of stratocumulus clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 89-92. [ PDF ]

Hack, J. J., and W. H. Schubert, 1990: Some dynamical properties of idealized thermally-forced meridional circulations in the tropics. Meteor. and Atmos. Phy., 44, 101-117.

Magnusdottir, G., and W. H. Schubert, 1990: The generalization of semigeostrophic theory to the β-plane. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1714-1720. [ PDF ]

Stevens, D. E., H.-C. Kuo, W. H. Schubert, and P. E. Ciesielski, 1990: Quasi-balanced dynamics in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2262-2273. [ PDF ]

Hack, J. J., W. H. Schubert, D. E. Stevens, and H.-C. Kuo, 1989: Response of the Hadley circulation to convective forcing in the ITCZ. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2957-2973. [ PDF ]

Johnson, R. H., and W. H. Schubert, 1989: Publication trends in American Meteorological Society technical journals. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 70, 476-479. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., S. R. Fulton, and R. F. A. Hertenstein, 1989: Balanced atmospheric response to squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2478-2483. [ PDF ]

Kuo, H.-C., and W. H. Schubert, 1988: Stability of cloud-topped boundary layers. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 887-916. [ PDF ]

Fulton, S. R., and W. H. Schubert, 1987: Chebyshev spectral methods for limited-area models. Part I: Model problem analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1940-1953. [ PDF ]

Fulton, S. R., and W. H. Schubert, 1987: Chebyshev spectral methods for limited-area models. Part II: Shallow water model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1954-1965. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., and B. T. Alworth, 1987: Evolution of potential vorticity in tropical cyclones. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 147-162. [ PDF ]

Ciesielski, P. E., S. R. Fulton, and W. H. Schubert, 1986: Multigrid solution of an elliptic boundary value problem from tropical cyclone theory. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 797-807. [ PDF ]

Fulton, S. R., P. E. Ciesielski, and W. H. Schubert, 1986: Multigrid methods for elliptic problems: A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 943-959. [ PDF ]

Hack, J. J., and W. H. Schubert, 1986: Nonlinear response of atmospheric vortices to heating by organized cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1559-1573. [ PDF ]

Albrecht, B. A., R. S. Penc, and W. H. Schubert, 1985: An observational study of cloud-topped mixed layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 800-822. [ PDF ]

Fulton, S. R., and W. H. Schubert, 1985: Vertical normal mode transforms: Theory and application. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 647-658. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., and M. DeMaria, 1985: Axisymmetric, primitive equation, spectral tropical cyclone model. Part I: Formulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1213-1224. [ PDF ]

DeMaria, M., and W. H. Schubert, 1985: Axisymmetric, primitive equation, spectral tropical cyclone model. Part II: Normal mode initialization. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1225-1236. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., 1985: A note on semi-geostrophic theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1770-1772. [ PDF ]

DeMaria, M., and W. H. Schubert, 1984: Experiments with a spectral tropical cyclone model. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 901-924. [ PDF ]

Hack, J. J., W. H. Schubert, and P. L. Silva Dias, 1984: A spectral cumulus parameterization for use in numerical models of the tropical atmosphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 704-716. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., G. D. Taylor, S. R. Fulton, and M. DeMaria, 1984: A Chebyshev spectral method for boundary-layer models. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biocl. Ser. A, 33, 117-126.

Schubert, W. H., and J. J. Hack, 1983: Transformed Eliassen balanced vortex model. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1571-1583. [ PDF ]

Silva Dias, P. L., W. H. Schubert, and M. DeMaria, 1983: Large-scale response of the tropical atmosphere to transient convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2689-2707. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., and J. J. Hack, 1982: Inertial stability and tropical cyclone development. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1687-1697. [ PDF ]

Hack, J. J., and W. H. Schubert, 1981: Lateral boundary conditions for tropical cyclone models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1404-1420. [ PDF ]

Wakefield, J. S., and W. H. Schubert, 1981: Mixed-layer model simulation of Eastern North Pacific stratocumulus. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1952-1968. [ PDF ]

Lilly, D. K., and W. H. Schubert, 1980: The effects of radiative cooling in a cloud-topped mixed layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 482-487. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., J. J. Hack, P. L. Silva Dias, and S. R. Fulton, 1980: Geostrophic adjustment in an axisymmetric vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1464-1484. [ PDF ]

Albrecht, B. A., A. K. Betts, W. H. Schubert, and S. K. Cox, 1979: A model of the thermodynamic structure of the trade-wind boundary layer: Part I. Theoretical formulation and sensitivity tests. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 73-89. [ PDF ]

Albrecht, B. A., S. K. Cox, and W. H. Schubert, 1979: Radiometric measurements of in-cloud temperature fluctuations. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1066-1071. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., J. S. Wakefield, E. J. Steiner, and S. K. Cox, 1979: Marine stratocumulus convection. Part I: Governing equations and horizontally homogeneous solutions. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1286-1307. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., J. S. Wakefield, E. J. Steiner, and S. K. Cox, 1979: Marine stratocumulus convection. Part II: Horizontally inhomogeneous solutions. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1308-1324. [ PDF ]

Schubert, W. H., 1976: Experiments with Lilly's cloud-topped mixed layer model. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 436-446. [ PDF ]

Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, 1974: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701. [ PDF ]